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Q9. A horizontal pipe has a 180℃ U-bend with a diameter of 110 mm throughout. It carries a fluid of density 860 m³/kg at a rate of 0.8 m³/s. The entrance pressure is 1.2 bar and exit pressure is 0.98 bar.

a) Sketch the U-bend and label appropriately. (2)

b) Find the pressure forces at the entrance and exit. (6)

c) Calculate the velocity of the fluid. (3)

d) Determine the force exerted by the liquid on the bend. (5)