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Q2. A piece of steel is tested in compression and when the compressive yield stress is applied to a test specimen of 100 mm length, the compression is measured to be 0.16 mm.

A strut is to be made from the same type of steel and it is to be a solid, square section column of 450 mm² cross-section and 2 m long. It will be fixed at both ends. Calculate EACH of the following:

(a) The Modulus of Elasticity for the steel being used;

(b) The critical load for the strut using Euler’s equation;

(c) The ratio of compressive yield stress to critical stress for the strut.

Note: Compressive Yield Stress for the steel = 320 MN/m² for a fixed end strut, F_C = 4π² EI / L₂