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Q1. A four-ram hydraulic steering gear has a maximum angle of helm limited to 35° from mid position. The diameter of the rams is 325 mm and the distance from the centre of the rudder stock to the centreline of the rams is 800 mm. The relief bypass valves limit the oil pressure to 80 bar.

(a) Explain, with the aid of a simple sketch, the principle of Rapson's slide in terms of hydraulic steering gear. (4)

(b) Calculate the diameter of the rudder stock to limit the maximum torsional stress to 80 MN/m². (12)