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Q8. a) With reference to an engine cylinder liner explain the term “Thermal Stress”, indicating how and why it occurs during operation of an engine. (4)

b) Explain how the upper part of a cylinder liner is subjected to fatigue during engine operation. (4)

c) Explain how thermal stress and fatigue combine and can lead to failure of a cylinder liner during engine operation. (4)

d) Describe how an engine should be effectively operated in order to minimise the risk of failure due to the combined effects of fatigue and thermal stress. (4)